You are reading the 2024/25 Academic Calendar. The 2023/24 version remains in effect until August 31, 2024 and is available here.

Biology, Faculty of Science

BIOL: Biology

Students without Biology 11 or Biology 12 must take BIOL 111 before taking BIOL 112, BIOL 121, BIOL 153, or BIOL 155. Students without Chemistry 12 must take CHEM 100 or CHEM 111 before taking BIOL 112, BIOL 153, or BIOL 155. BIOL 112 and BIOL 121 are pre-requisites for many Biology courses and are required for admission to many specializations. BIOL 180 is not required for students taking Science 001. See the Second Year Specialization Application: Requirements website: https://science.ubc.ca/students/degree/apply/req for admission requirements for specializations within the Faculty of Science. See the Biology Program Office: http://www.biology.ubc.ca/ for more information about admission to Biology specializations. Students interested in meeting the admission requirements of other faculties or schools should consult the appropriate office. Additional fees are charged for some courses. Not every course is offered every year. For current listings, please consult the Course Schedule for Biology: https://courses.students.ubc.ca/cs/main?pname=subjarea&tname=subjareas&…. Please see the MRNE course descriptions: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/course-descriptions/subject/mrne for more upper level biology courses. MRNE courses are field-based courses provided at the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre. For more information and current course listings, please see the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre website: http://www.bamfieldmsc.com/.


  1. BIOL 111 (3) Introduction to Modern Biology

    Concepts fundamental to biological issues, such as the genetic basis of biological variation, evolution, infectious diseases, causes of cancer, population growth, and human effects on ecosystems. Not open to students who have credit for Biology 12 (including AP, IB). [3-0-0]

  2. BIOL 112 (3) Biology of the Cell

    The principles of cellular and molecular biology using bacterial and eukaryotic examples. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of CHEM 12, CHEM 100, CHEM 110, CHEM 111 and one of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  3. BIOL 121 (3) Genetics, Evolution and Ecology

    Principles of storage and transmission of genetic variation; origin and evolution of species and their ecological interactions. Credit will be granted for only one of BIOL 121 or BIOL 344. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  4. BIOL 140 (2) Laboratory Investigations in Life Science

    Guided experimental investigations of biological questions. [1-2-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  5. BIOL 153 (8) Human Biology: Anatomy and Physiology

    The principles of biology with particular reference to the human body (anatomy and physiology). Laboratories include selected experiments on organ physiology and general anatomy. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3(3)-0; 3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of CHEM 12, CHEM 100, CHEM 110, CHEM 111 and one of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  6. BIOL 155 (6) Human Biology: Physiology and Introductory Anatomy

    The principles of biology with particular reference to the human body (anatomy and physiology). (physiology and introductory anatomy). Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… [3-0-0; 3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of CHEM 12, CHEM 100, CHEM 110, CHEM 111 and one of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  7. BIOL 180 (2) Thinking Like a Life Scientist

    Science as a process, the skills of scientists, and the exploration of a current biological challenge with a practicing UBC scientist. [2-0-1]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 11, BIOL 12, BIOL 111.

  8. BIOL 200 (3) Fundamentals of Cell Biology

    Structure and function of plant and animal cells; membrane models, cytoplasmic organelles, biological information from gene to protein, the endomembrane system, secretion, intracellular digestion, endocytosis, transport processes, cytoskeleton and cell motility. [3-0-1]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 112 and one of CHEM 123, CHEM 130; or (b) SCIE 001 or (c) 8 transfer credits of first-year BIOL and 6 credits of first-year CHEM or (d) one of BIOL 112 or BIOL 121 and a corequisite of one of CHEM 203 or CHEM 223.

  9. BIOL 201 (3) Introduction to Biochemistry

    Biological molecules, protein structure and enzyme action, energy transfer, central metabolic pathways and their regulation. Examples drawn from plants, animals and microorganisms. (Consult the Credit Exclusion list within the Faculty of Science section of the Calendar.) Credit will be granted for only one of BIOL 201, BIOC 202, or BIOC 203. [3-0-1]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of CHEM 233, CHEM 260; or BIOL 200 and a corequisite of CHEM 213; or a corequisite of either CHEM 313 or CHEM 330.

  10. BIOL 203 (4) Eukaryotic Microbiology

    Introduction to the origin and diversity of protists (protozoa and algae) at both cellular and genomic levels, including the role of endosymbiosis in evolution. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001. Or 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

  11. BIOL 204 (4) Vertebrate Structure and Function

    Introduction to the vertebrate phyla and their evolution; a comparative study of vertebrate structure and function, with dissection of representative forms. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001. Or 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

  12. BIOL 205 (4) Comparative Invertebrate Zoology

    An introduction to the unity, diversity and evolutionary history of invertebrates. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001. Or 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

  13. BIOL 209 (4) Biodiversity of Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

    Diversity, ecology, cell biology and evolutionary origins of multicellular eukaryotes, illustrated through mosses and liverworts; fungi and slime molds; and fresh water and marine algae. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001. Or 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

  14. BIOL 210 (4) Vascular Plants

    A comparative study of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, integrating form, function and ecology. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001 or 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

    Equivalency: APBI 210.

  15. BIOL 230 (3) Fundamentals of Ecology

    Dynamics of plant and animal populations, structure of ecological communities and functioning of ecosystems. Interpretation of research results and application to environmental issues. Labs meet once a month. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. [3(3)*-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001 or 8 transfer credits of first-year BIOL.

  16. BIOL 233 (3) Genetics for Life

    How genetic differences determine individual characteristics, and how they are inherited, analyzed, and modified. Emphasis on genetic diversity, human ancestry, personal genomics, and cancer genetics. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) all of BIOL 112, BIOL 121 or (b) SCIE 001; or (c) a corequisite of one of CHEM 203 or CHEM 223 and one of BIOL 112 or BIOL 121.

  17. BIOL 234 (3) Fundamentals of Genetics

    Genotype and phenotype, mechanisms of inheritance, genetic analysis. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) all of BIOL 112, BIOL 121 or (b) SCIE 001; (c) a corequisite of one of CHEM 203 or CHEM 223 and one of BIOL 112 or BIOL 121; or (d) 8 transfer credits of first-year BIOL.

  18. BIOL 260 (3) Fundamentals of Physiology

    Principles of cellular and organismal physiology illustrated with examples from unicellular organisms, plants and animals, focusing on transport processes, water balance, nutrient acquisition and communication. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) all of BIOL 112, BIOL 121 or (b) SCIE 001 or (c) 8 transfer credits of 1st year BIOL and 6 credits of 1st year chemistry.

  19. BIOL 300 (3) Fundamentals of Biostatistics

    Statistical procedures for biological research; estimation, hypothesis testing, goodness of fit, analysis of variance and regression; use of computers for statistical analysis. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… [3-2-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001.

    Corequisite: One of MATH 101, MATH 103, MATH 105, MATH 121, SCIE 001.

  20. BIOL 302 (3) Biodiversity, Human & Planetary Health

    Effects of biodiversity on human health, from human microbiome to ecosystem. Strategies for protecting, restoring and managing for biodiversity, human and planetary health. [3-0-1]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 111, BIOL 121, GEOS 207, SCIE 001 and third-year class standing.

  21. BIOL 303 (3) Green Planet: Biology and History of Plants that Changed Civilizations

    Biological, cultural, and societal significance of staple crops selected as foods, medicines or raw materials by different societies, and their pivotal role in the rise and fall of past and present civilizations. [3-0-1]

    Prerequisite: A minimum of 3rd year standing.

  22. BIOL 310 (3) Introduction to Animal Behaviour

    Animal behavior from an ecological and evolutionary perspective; the methods used to study behaviour and test its adaptive significance. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121. Third-year standing is required.

  23. BIOL 311 (3) Experimental Methods in Animal Behaviour

    Designing, conducting, and analyzing studies of animal behaviour, with an emphasis on field-based methods. Students conduct capstone research projects. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. [1-4-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 300, STAT 200.

    Corequisite: BIOL 310.

  24. BIOL 314 (3) Elements of Biodiversity

    The units of biodiversity, from genes to ecosystems, how they are structured in space, and their importance to human well-being and ecosystem health. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of APBI 260, BIOL 230, FRST 201, GEOB 207, GEOS 207.

    Equivalency: CONS 314.

  25. BIOL 317 (4) Weed Science

    Importance, identification, dissemination and biology of weeds; preventative, cultural, biological and chemical methods of control. [3-2-0]

    Equivalency: APBI 328.

  26. BIOL 320 (4) Survey of Algae

    A survey of the algae, considering their morphology, life history, classification, and ecology. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  27. BIOL 321 (3) Morphology and Evolution of Bryophytes

    A study of evolution, taxonomy and morphology of mosses, liverworts and hornworts with emphasis on living plants in their environment. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  28. BIOL 322 (3) Structure and Evolution of Ferns and Fern-allies

    Anatomy, morphology and relationships of the ferns and fern-allies, with assessment of both fossil and extant taxa. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  29. BIOL 323 (3) Structure and Reproduction of Fungi

    The evolutionary diversity of the fungi as shown by their morphology and reproductive biology. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  30. BIOL 324 (3) Introduction to Seed Plant Taxonomy

    Introduction to seed plant taxonomy emphasizing descriptive morphology and identification. Each student will be required to submit a plant collection. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

    Equivalency: APBI 324.

  31. BIOL 325 (3) Introduction to Animal Mechanics and Locomotion

    Comparative aspects of the functional design of skeletal systems and the mechanics of swimming, flying and terrestrial locomotion, with particular reference to the vertebrates. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  32. BIOL 326 (3) Experimental Biology of Invertebrates

    Behaviour and ecology of invertebrates as revealed by hands-on experiments in the laboratory and field. Marine emphasis. [1-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 205.

    Corequisite: Either (a) STAT 200 or (b) BIOL 300.

  33. BIOL 327 (3) Introduction to Entomology

    A survey of the structure, classification and biology of insects; ecology, life-histories and insect-plant relations.

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001.

    Equivalency: APBI 327.

  34. BIOL 328 (3) Ecology and Evolution of Parasites

    Morphology, life histories, ecology and evolution of parasites (and infectious agents more broadly) infecting humans and animals. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  35. BIOL 329 (3) Cell Receptor Signaling, Communication and Regulation

    How cells react to external signals, and how these responses are regulated. Experimental approaches and common themes will be examined using a variety of cell receptors as models. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200.

  36. BIOL 330 (3) Developmental Biology (Lecture)

    Animal development and its underlying causal principles; introductory embryology. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 201 or (b) all of BIOL 200, BIOL 260 and one of BIOL 233, BIOL 234.

  37. BIOL 331 (5) Developmental Biology

    Animal development and its underlying causal principles; introductory embryology. [3-5-0]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 201 or (b) all of BIOL 200, BIOL 260 and one of BIOL 233, BIOL 234.

  38. BIOL 332 (4) Protistology

    Cell biology, ecology, and evolution of protists; origins of multicellularity; the role of protists in micropaleontology, parasitology, and oceanography. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200.

  39. BIOL 335 (3) Molecular Genetics

    Isolation and identification of genes, analysis of gene structure; gene expression and its regulation in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes; developmental genetics. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 233, BIOL 234, MICB 322, FRST 302.

  40. BIOL 336 (3) Fundamentals of Evolutionary Biology

    Natural selection; population genetics, quantitative genetics and systematics; classical and molecular approaches to the study of evolution. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 233, BIOL 234.

  41. BIOL 337 (3) Introductory Genetics Laboratory

    A laboratory course demonstrating the fundamental principles of inheritance: Mendel's Laws, sex-linkage, mapping, mutagenesis, chromosome structure, developmental biology, biochemical and population genetics. [1-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200.

    Corequisite: One of BIOL 233, BIOL 234.

  42. BIOL 338 (4) Introduction to Genomics

    An introduction to genome biology and applications of genomics. [3-0-1.5]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 234, BIOL 233, FRST 302.

  43. BIOL 340 (3) Introductory Cell Biology Laboratory

    Designing and conducting cell biology experiments using unicellular eukaryotes or prokaryotes with emphasis on techniques in microscopy and cell biology. [1-6-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and at least 3rd-year standing in Science and one of (a) BIOL 180 (or BIOL 140), or (b) SCIE 001, or (c) 3rd-year standing in Combined Honours Biophysics.

  44. BIOL 341 (3) Introductory Molecular Biology Laboratory

    Designing and conducting molecular biology experiments using bioinformatics recombinant DNA techniques. [1-5-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200. And at least third-year standing in Science.

  45. BIOL 342 (2) Integrative Biology Laboratory

    Field-based and laboratory-based investigation of organisms. [1(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing or higher in Combined Major in Science, and one of (a) BIOL 121 and BIOL 180 (or BIOL 140), or (b) SCIE 001, or (c) 8 transfer credits of first-year biology.

  46. BIOL 343 (3) Plants and Peoples

    The interactions of plants and human societies: the role of people in the origin, evolution and dispersal of food, drug and economic plants, and the influences of plants on human societies. Suitable for upper-level Arts students. [2-2-1]

  47. BIOL 344 (3) Human Heredity and Evolution

    Relates genetic and evolutionary concepts to humans. Primarily for upper-level students in the Faculty of Arts. Credit will be granted for only one of BIOL 121 or BIOL 344. Not open to students in the Life Sciences. [3-0-2]

  48. BIOL 345 (3) Human Ecology

    Basics of ecology are introduced, focussing on observations of the natural world. Assignments, including a group project, consider connections between research, awareness and practical uses of ecology. Not for credit in the Life Sciences. [3-0-2]

  49. BIOL 346 (3) Microbes and Society

    An elementary course in molecular biology primarily for Arts students. The historical development of recent discoveries in molecular biology with emphasis on bacteria and viruses and their interaction with humans. (Consult the Credit Exclusion list within the Faculty of Science section of the Calendar.) Not for credit in Life Sciences. [3-0-0]

  50. BIOL 347 (3) Principles and Methodology in Biological Research

    Contemporary research in the Botany and Zoology Departments; history and methodology of scientific discovery; seminars on current problems. Restricted to Honours students in Biology. Not to be taken concurrently with BIOL 449. [2(3)-0]

  51. BIOL 348 (3) Biology of Cannabis

    Biological aspects of cannabis, including structure and function, photosynthesis, plant growth, specialized metabolites, neuroscience and the human endocannabinoid system, and applications for human use in medicine, consumer products and textiles. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: A minimum of 3rd year standing.

  52. BIOL 350 (3) Darwinian Medicine

    Using the Darwinian theory of natural selection to explore explanations of infectious diseases, allergies, cancer, mental illness, and other human diseases. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: www.vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/faculty-sc… [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing.

    Equivalency: ISCI 350.

  53. BIOL 351 (4) Plant Physiology I

    Mechanisms and regulation of functional processes contributing to the assimilation, transport and utilization of water, mineral nutrients and carbon by plants. Restricted to Majors and Honours students in Biology. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 121 and one of CHEM 123, CHEM 130; or (b) SCIE 001. CHEM 233 is recommended.

    Equivalency: APBI 351, FRST 311.

  54. BIOL 352 (3) Plant Physiology II: Plant Development

    Introduction to the processes involved in growth and development: cell division, tissue culture, meristems, differentiation, and the action of major growth regulators, and photomorphogenesis. Emphasis on experimental approaches. [2(3)-1]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 200 and one of BIOL 233, BIOL 234; or (b) FRST 302. CHEM 233 is recommended.

  55. BIOL 361 (3) Neural and Muscular Physiology

    Excitable membranes, neural signaling and transmission; transduction and coding of sensory information; muscle contraction. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200.

  56. BIOL 362 (3) Cellular Dynamics

    The cytoskeleton, cell dynamics, and regulation of cellular activities. Preference will be given to Majors or Honours students in Biology and Combined Honours Biophysics. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of APBI 312, APBI 351, BIOL 260, BIOL 351, BIOL 352, BIOL 361, FRST 311.

  57. BIOL 363 (2) Laboratory in Animal Physiology

    Experimental studies in animal physiology. Restricted to Majors and Honours students in Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Combined Honours Biophysics. Recommended co-requisites: one of BIOL 361, BIOL 370, BIOL 371. [1(3)-1]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 204.

  58. BIOL 364 (3) Comparative Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Osmoregulatory Physiology

    Cardiovascular, respiratory, and osmoregulatory physiology. Preference will be given to students who are in Biology, Nutritional Sciences, and Combined Honours Biophysics. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 204 and one of BIOL 260, BIOL 361.

    Equivalency: APBI 311.

  59. BIOL 370 (3) Principles of Muscle Physiology and Energetics

    Introduction to the structure and function of the muscular system, metabolism and energetics from a comparative perspective across vertebrates and invertebrates. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 260 and one of BIOL 200, BIOL 201, BIOC 202, BIOC 203.

  60. BIOL 371 (3) Principles of Neurobiology I

    Introduction to the structure and function of the nervous system, excitable membranes, and synaptic signaling using representative vertebrate and invertebrate species. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of BIOL 260, NSCI 200, PSYC 270, PSYC 271, PSYC 304, CAPS 301.

  61. BIOL 398 (3) Co-operative Work Placement I

    Work experience in an industrial setting, taken during Winter Session (Term 2) of third year. Restricted to students admitted to the Co-operative Education Program in Biology. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  62. BIOL 399 (3) Co-operative Work Placement II

    Work experience in an industrial research setting, taken during Summer Session (Terms 1 and 2) following third year. Restricted to students admitted to the Co-operative Education Program in Biology. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Prerequisite: BIOL 398.

  63. BIOL 401 (3) Theory of Evolutionary Dynamics

    Evolution as a dynamical system based on ecological interactions. Adaptive dynamics and evolutionary game theory. Credit will be granted for only one of BIOL 401 or BIOL 560. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 301 and one of MATH 101, MATH 103, MATH 105, MATH 121.

  64. BIOL 402 (3) Aquatic Ecology

    Theoretical and applied limnology; ecology of inland water organisms in relation to physical, chemical and biological factors. One weekend field trip required. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 230 and one of BIOL 300, STAT 200.

  65. BIOL 403 (3) Microbial Ecology

    Theoretical and applied ecology of microbes. Focus on microbial symbionts of animals, plants and seaweeds. Research project development through critical analysis of microbial ecological literature and computational analysis of ecological data. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 121, SCIE 001, BIOL 230 and one of BIOL 300, FRST 231, STAT 200. Fourth-year standing.

  66. BIOL 404 (3) Ecological Methodology

    Design, execution, and analysis of ecological surveys and experiments. Practical field methods for estimating population metrics and describing community structure. Computer techniques for the statistical analysis of ecological data. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 230 and one of BIOL 300, STAT 200.

  67. BIOL 406 (4) Plant Ecology I

    Plant community ecology including a consideration of the major approaches to sampling, analyzing and interpreting vegetation patterns. Instruction given in field work and computer analysis of field data. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 230. BIOL 324 is recommended.

  68. BIOL 408 (6) Principles of Applied Ecology

    Principles of animal and community ecology applicable to the management of animal resources; application of statistical and computer techniques for measuring, analyzing, modelling, and simulating resource systems; problems of multiple resource use. [2-2-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 300.

  69. BIOL 409 (3) Field Course in Ecology

    A two-week intensive course in field methods used in ecology. Fieldwork for this course is normally in the summer. A fee will be assessed for living and traveling expenses. Pre-registration required.

    Prerequisite: BIOL 230 and one of BIOL 300, STAT 200. BIOL 306 is recommended.

  70. BIOL 410 (3) Current Topics in Animal Behaviour

    Lectures and seminar discussions on selected topics in animal behaviour. [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 310.

  71. BIOL 411 (3) Insect Ecology

    Behavioural, population and community ecology of insects. Interactions between insects and plants and the application of the principles of insect ecology to biological control of insects and weeds. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 205, BIOL 327, APBI 327.

    Equivalency: APBI 427.

  72. BIOL 412 (3) Phytogeography

    Description and interpretation of present and past floristic vegetational patterns; integration of evolutionary, ecological, and phytogeographical concepts. Terrestrial and aquatic plants are considered. Restricted to students of third and fourth years. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  73. BIOL 413 (3) Zoogeography

    The role of physical, ecological, and evolutionary processes in determining the geographic distribution of animals including humans, with implications for speciation and conservation. Restricted to students in third and fourth year. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  74. BIOL 415 (3) Evolutionary Processes in Plants

    Experimental and comparative analysis of evolutionary processes, speciation, and phylogenetic patterns in plants. [2-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 336.

  75. BIOL 416 (3) Principles of Conservation Biology

    Ecological basis of conserving biological diversity and ecosystem services; application of ecological theory to global and local conservation problems in the context of economic, legal, political, and social perspectives. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion List: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 230, FRST 201.

  76. BIOL 417 (3) Phylogenetic Biology

    Biodiversity from an evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary (phylogenetic) tree of genetic descent that links all organisms: its reconstruction, interpretation, and implications for fields from ecology to molecular biology. [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of BIOL 233, BIOL 234. BIOL 336 is recommended

  77. BIOL 418 (3) Evolutionary Ecology

    Ecological adaptation and evolutionary processes in contemporary populations; natural selection, variation, optimization, foraging theory, coevolution, arms races; life history theory, evolution of sex, sexual selection, evolution in managed populations. [2-2-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 336 and BIOL 230.

  78. BIOL 420 (3) Ocean Conservation and Sustainability

    An interdisciplinary conservation course with a solutions-oriented approach to marine issues, drawing from natural sciences, social sciences, business, law, and communication. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [2-0(3)]

    Prerequisite: Fourth-year standing.

  79. BIOL 421 (3) Plant-Microbe Interactions

    Biology and physiology of selected plant-microbe relationships. Impacts of plant-microbe relationships on society. [3-0-2]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of BIOC 202, BIOC 203, BIOL 201, BIOL 233, BIOL 234, BIOL 260.

    Equivalency: APBI 426.

  80. BIOL 424 (3) Tropical Ecology and Conservation

    Ecology, function, history and conservation of tropical systems. Focus on ecological and evolutionary principles using tropical landscapes as a geographic template. Assessment of factors that make tropical systems vulnerable to degradation. Research project development using analysis of tropical ecology literature. [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121 and one of BIOL 230, FRST 201, GEOS 207, GEOB 207.

  81. BIOL 425 (3) Biomechanics

    An analytical approach to the study of skeletal mechanics and animal locomotion. Selected topics in the structure and properties of biological materials, the functional design of skeletons for locomotion, and the fluid mechanics of swimming and flight. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 325.

  82. BIOL 426 (3) Mammalogy

    Natural history, behavioral ecology and conservation of terrestrial mammals. The laboratory includes classification, life histories, and ecology, with particular attention to species from British Columbia. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 204.

  83. BIOL 427 (3) Ornithology and Herpetology

    Ecology, evolution, behavior, and conservation of birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Laboratories and field projects will focus on identification, systematics, and natural history, with particular attention to species from British Columbia. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 121.

  84. BIOL 428 (3) Evolutionary Morphology of Marine Invertebrates

    Comparative analysis of marine invertebrate morphology from a macroevolutionary perspective. Origin and evolution of reoccurring adaptations in meiofaunal, benthic, pelagic, and deep-sea invertebrates, including their larval stages. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 205. And third-year standing.

  85. BIOL 430 (3) Genome Evolution

    Integration of molecular genetics and genomics with evolutionary biology. Emphasis on the evolutionary dynamics of genomes and the evolutionary implications of recent discoveries in molecular genetics and genomics. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 335, BIOL 336, BIOL 338.

  86. BIOL 431 (3) Evolutionary Cell Biology

    Ultrastructure, biogenesis, and evolution of eukaryotic cells and cell organelles, including their macromolecular basis. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200. And fourth-year standing.

  87. BIOL 432 (3) Research Strategies and Techniques in Cell Biology

    Major physiological mechanisms that define eukaryotic cells, explored through student visits to UBC research laboratories and discussion of recent scientific literature, with emphasis on the techniques and strategies that enable researchers to test hypotheses and advance new concepts. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200 and one of BIOL 233, BIOL 234. And fourth-year standing.

  88. BIOL 433 (3) Plant Genetics

    Emphasis on molecular aspects. Systems and techniques for genetic analysis in plants; isolation and regulation of plant genes; genetic dissection of plant-specific processes; transposable elements; gene transfer in plants; cytoplasmic inheritance; genetic engineering. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 335.

  89. BIOL 436 (3) Integrated Functional Genomics

    Global transcript, protein, and metabolite profiling technologies and their integration; applications focus on plant functions and plant interactions with pathogens and pests. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 335, BIOL 338.

    Equivalency: FNH 436.

  90. BIOL 437 (3) Laboratory in Animal Cell Molecular Biology

    The use of recombinant DNA techniques to explore problems in animal developmental biology. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: All of BIOL 331, BIOL 335 and one of BIOL 201, BIOC 202, BIOC 203.

  91. BIOL 438 (3) Zoological Physics

    Animal systems viewed from a physicist's perspective. Topics include sensory systems, energy budgets, locomotion, internal flows, physical advantages of grouping. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of PHYS 101, PHYS 106, PHYS 107, PHYS 117, PHYS 131, PHYS 157, SCIE 001. BIOL 325 is recommended.

    Equivalency: PHYS 438.

  92. BIOL 439 (3) Advanced Microscopy Techniques

    Microscopy techniques used in biological research. Principles, applications and hands-on training of optical and electron microscopy. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [2-4-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 200.

    Corequisite: One of BIOL 448, BIOL 449 and Fourth year standing.

  93. BIOL 440 (3) Plant Genomics

    Concepts, principles, applications, and recent discoveries in genome structure, genetics, and comparative genomics in plants with a focus on economically important plants. [3-0-0]

    Corequisite: One of BIOL 335, BIOL 338.

    Equivalency: APBI 440.

  94. BIOL 441 (3) Advanced Topics in Cell Biology

    Analysis of cellular organelles and the intracellular traffic between them, concentrating on mammalian cell systems. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 340, BIOL 341 and one of BIOL 361, BIOL 362, BIOL 370, BIOL 371.

  95. BIOL 445 (3) Darwin's Fishes

    A series of computer-assisted lectures using ichthyology and the work of Charles Darwin to illustrate basic principles of biology, and their practical implementation, i.e., how biologists select research programs, generate and test hypotheses, and present their case to peers and the public. [2-0-2]

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing in Science is required.

  96. BIOL 446 (3) History and Philosophy of Biology

    The nature of science, this history of evolutionary and molecular biology, philosophical questions about scientific methods and fundamental conclusions of biology. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: Fourth-year standing in any degree program is required.

  97. BIOL 447 (3) Principles and Methodology in Biological Research

    Seminars, debates, workshops and tutorials designed to produce competence in specific areas of Biology. Restricted to Honours students in Biology. [2(3)-0]

    Corequisite: BIOL 449.

  98. BIOL 448 (3-12) c Directed Studies in Biology

    A course designed to allow students to undertake an investigation on a specific topic as agreed upon by the faculty member and the student. Permission of the supervisor required. No more than six credits of BIOL 448 may be taken with the same supervisor.

  99. BIOL 449 (6) Directed Biological Research

    A course designed to allow students to undertake a research project in selected fields. Open only to Honours students in Biology, with permission of the supervisor. Presentation of a thesis and an oral examination are required.

    Corequisite: BIOL 447.

  100. BIOL 450 (3) Molecular Adaptation of Animals to the Environment

    Physiological, biochemical, and molecular strategies of adaptation of animals to environmental challenges. The evolution of genetic and biochemical systems, and their impact on animal structure and function. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of APBI 311, BIOL 361, BIOL 362, BIOL 364, BIOL 370, BIOL 371 and one of BIOL 201, BIOC 202, BIOC 203. BIOL 457 is recommended.

  101. BIOL 451 (3) Comparative Neurobiology

    Advanced investigations of the evolution of animal nervous systems, integrating studies of diverse species to understand fundamental neurobiology. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 371, BIOL 372, CAPS 301, PSYC 304, PSYC 367, PSYC 370.

  102. BIOL 453 (4) c Insect Physiology

    Physiological adaptations used by insects, including adaptations used to survive in extreme environments. Homeostatic mechanisms, neurophysiology, and experimental techniques. [3(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 204, BIOL 205, BIOL 327, APBI 327 and one of BIOL 361, BIOL 364, BIOL 370, BIOL 371, APBI 311.

  103. BIOL 454 (3) Comparative Animal Physiology

    Selected topics in physiology emphasizing comparisons between diverse phylogenetic groups of animals. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of APBI 311, BIOL 362, BIOL 364.

  104. BIOL 455 (3) Comparative Neurobiology

    Current approaches in neurobiology, from the cellular to the behavioural level, are examined using representatives of vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. [3-0-2*]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 361, BIOL 362, BIOL 364, CAPS 301, PSYC 360.

  105. BIOL 456 (3) Comparative and Molecular Endocrinology

    A comparative study of vertebrate and invertebrate endocrinology. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of APBI 311, BIOL 364.

  106. BIOL 457 (3) Comparative Environmental Physiology

    A survey of physiological adaptions of animals to different environments. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of APBI 311, BIOL 364.

  107. BIOL 458 (3) Developmental Neurobiology

    Cellular, molecular and physiological aspects of nervous system development with applications to understanding adult nervous system function and neurological disorders. [3-0-0]

  108. BIOL 459 (3) Neurobiology of Sensory and Motor Systems

    Analysis of the mechanisms of sensory processing and motor orchestration using vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Neural circuit structure, specialization, information coding, integration, and behaviour. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 372, CAPS 301, PSYC 304, PSYC 367, PSYC 370.

  109. BIOL 460 (3) Neurobiology of Vision

    Advanced investigation of animal vision; critical analysis of recent literature and research project development in visual neurobiology. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 372, CAPS 301, PSYC 304, PSYC 367, PSYC 370.

  110. BIOL 462 (3) Ecological Plant Biochemistry

    The structure, biosynthesis, distribution and biological function of secondary plant metabolites. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: All of BIOL 200, BIOL 201. BIOL 209 or BIOL 210 is recommended.

    Equivalency: FRST 413.

  111. BIOL 463 (3) Gene Regulation in Development

    Control of gene expression in development; the genetic and physiological basis of epigenetic determination; inductive interactions. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: Either (a) BIOL 335 and one of BIOL 201, BIOC 202, BIOC 203; or (b) BIOT 380.

  112. BIOL 464 (3) Animal Developmental Genetics

    Role of genes in embryonic development. Emphasis on tissue specific expression patterns and the role of genetic networks in establishing cell types. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 463.

  113. BIOL 465 (3) Diversity and Evolution of Fishes

    Introduction to fish diversity, with a focus on their phylogenetic interrelationships and the evolutionary, ecological, and biogeographic processes involved in generating patterns of fish biodiversity. [2(3)-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 204.

  114. BIOL 466 (3) Applied Biology of Fishes

    Physiological ecology and exploitation biology of teleost fishes; computer-based analysis and modeling of fish populations.

    Prerequisite: BIOL 465.

  115. BIOL 488 (1-6) Topics in Biology

    Selected topics in a specific area within Biology. May be taken more than once for credit with permission of the Department.

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing in a Life Science specialization.

  116. BIOL 490 (3) Student Directed Seminars

    Self-directed, collaborative studies, in a group-learning environment, initiated and coordinated by senior undergraduate students with the supervision of a faculty advisor. Course structure, enrolment, and delivery methods will comply with the "Handbook for Student Directed Seminars". Normally not suitable as a specific BIOL program elective. [3-0]

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing.

  117. BIOL 498 (3) Co-operative Work Placement III

    Work experience in an industrial research setting, taken during the Summer Session (Terms 1 and 2) following fourth year. Restricted to students admitted to the Co-operative Education Program in Biology. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  118. BIOL 499 (3) Co-operative Work Placement IV

    Work experience in an industrial research setting, taken during the Winter Session (Terms 1 and 2) following fourth year. Restricted to students admitted to the Co-operative Education Program in Biology. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Prerequisite: One of BIOL 399, BIOL 498.

  119. BIOL 501 (3) Quantitative Methods in Ecology and Evolution

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Prerequisite: BIOL 300 or equivalent and graduate student standing.

  120. BIOL 503 (3) Microbial Ecology

    Theoretical and applied ecology of microbes. Focus on microbial symbionts of animals, plants and seaweeds. Critical analysis of microbial ecological literature and computational analysis of ecological data. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [2(3)-0]

  121. BIOL 510 (3) Applied Population Genetics

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Equivalency: FRST 510.

  122. BIOL 525 (2-6) d Topics in Systematics and Evolution

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  123. BIOL 530 (3) The Biology of the Cell

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  124. BIOL 533 (3) Plant Genetics

    Emphasis on molecular aspects. Systems and techniques for genetic analysis in plants; isolation and regulation of plant genes; genetic dissection of plant-specific processes; transposable elements; gene transfer in plants; cytoplasmic inheritance; genetic engineering. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: BIOL 335.

  125. BIOL 535 (3) Teaching and Learning in the Life Sciences

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  126. BIOL 537 (3) Topics in Biotechnology

    Research reviews, class discussions, and presentations about current research in the diverse areas of biotechnology. Topics include the research interests of members of the UBC Biotechnology Laboratory. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [1.5-0]

  127. BIOL 539 (3) Advanced Microscopy Techniques

    Microscopy techniques used in biological research. Principles, applications and hands-on training of optical and electron microscopy. Please consult the Faculty of Science Credit Exclusion Lists: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult… This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [2-4-0]

  128. BIOL 548 (1-6) c Advanced Topics in Biology

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  129. BIOL 560 (3) Theory of Adaptive Dynamics and Evolutionary Games

    Consult the credit exclusion list within the Faculty of Science section of the Academic Calendar: https://vancouver.calendar.ubc.ca/faculties-colleges-and-schools/facult…. Credit will be granted for only one of BIOL 560 or BIOL 401. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3-0-0]

    Prerequisite: An introductory course in the mathematical treatment of population biology as well as a course in integral calculus.


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